地熊蜂蜂群发育性状评价及其饲料花粉配比优化
Optimizing supplementary pollen mixtures for bumblebee Bombus terrestris colonies based on colony reproductive variables
盖琴宝** 周志勇 张 红 黄家兴 安建东***
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DOI：10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2015.036
作者单位：中国农业科学院蜜蜂研究所，农业部授粉昆虫生物学重点开放实验室，北京 100093
中文关键词：地熊蜂，无王工蜂群，发育指标，主成分分析，混料回归模型，花粉配比
英文关键词： Bombus terrestris, queenless micro-colony, development traits, principal component analysis, mixture regression model, pollen mixtures
中文摘要：
【目的】 为了明确熊蜂蜂群发育过程中具有代表性的性状指标及其饲料花粉最优配比。 【方法】 以山杏Armeniaca sibirica花粉、山柳Salix caprea花粉和油菜Brassica rapa花粉为原料，通过{3,3}混料设计得到7种配比的混合花粉，分析不同混合花粉对地熊蜂Bombus terrestris (L.)无王工蜂群的产卵前时间、幼虫拖出数、幼虫总数量、幼虫总重量、蛹总数量、蛹总重量、雄蜂出房时间、出房雄蜂数量和雄蜂出生重9个蜂群性状指标的影响，使用主成分分析对蜂群性状指标进行综合评价，并通过混料回归模型预测熊蜂蜂群饲养过程中的最优花粉配比。【结果】 地熊蜂无王工蜂群发育过程的9个性状指标可以归纳为幼虫发育、蛹发育、成蜂发育、蜂群发育周期4类评价因子，其中幼虫总数量、蛹总重量、雄蜂出生重、产卵前时间和雄蜂出房时间是 5个主要性状指标；以蜂群主要性状指标为评价依据，得出蜂群饲养过程中最优花粉配比：当以油菜花粉单独饲喂蜂群时蜂群产卵前时间短、幼虫总数量最多、蛹总重量最大，当山杏花粉、山柳花粉和油菜花粉以1︰1.5︰1.5比例饲喂蜂群时雄蜂出房时间最短，当山柳花粉和油菜花粉以3︰1比例饲喂蜂群时雄蜂出生重最大。【结论】 明确了地熊蜂无王工蜂群发育过程中的重要性状指标和饲料花粉最优配比，为进一步研究商品化熊蜂群不同发育阶段的营养需求奠定了基础。
英文摘要：
[Objectives] To measure reproductive variables of bumblebee colonies and optimize supplementary pollen mixtures based on these. [Methods] Three types of pollen, apricot (Armeniaca sibirica), willow (Salix caprea), and oilseed rape (Brassica rapa) were mixed following a {3,3} mixture design to obtain seven pollen mixtures. Nine reproductive variables including egg laying delay, larval ejection, total number of larvae, total weight of larvae, total number of pupae, total weight of pupae, duration of the drone stage, total number and birth weight of drones in queen-less micro-colonies of Bombus terrestris (L.) were measured and analyzed in colonies provided with the seven different supplementary pollen mixtures. Principal component analysis was used to assess the information provided by each of the nine variables and pollen mixtures were optimized using the mixture regression model. [Results] To evaluate the micro-colony development of B. terrestris the nine variables can be categorized as either larval development, pupal development, drone development, or developmental cycle, factors (including the total number of larvae, total weight of pupae, birth weight of drones, egg laying delay and duration of the drone stage). Optimized pollen mixtures based on the five representative variables are: 1) oilseed rape pollen for colonies with the shortest egg laying delay, the highest total number of larvae, the greatest total weight of pupae, 2) 1︰1.5︰1.5 combination of apricot︰willow︰oilseed rape pollen for colonies with the shortest drone stage 3) 3︰1 combination of willow︰ oilseed rape pollen for colonies with the largest drone birth weight. [Conclusion] Reproductive variables of B. terrestris micro-colonies can be measured and used to optimize supplementary pollen mixtures. These results should be useful for further research on the nutritional requirements of different developmental phases of bumblebee colonies and for the commercial production of bumblebees.