Many studies of neurological diseases have increasingly acknowledged the significant role of microbiota in regulating the development and function of nervous system and host behavior, highlighting the importance of the microbial-gut-brain axis. Recent research suggests that the insect symbiotic microbiome could also modulate host behaviors through the gut-brain axis, including foraging behavior, reproductive behavior, collective response, and so on. Moreover, a growing body of research suggests that behavioral dysfunctions in insects may be regulated by molecular mechanisms that are partly homologous to those of mammals. Therefore, insects can be used as model animals to better understand the role of gut bacteria in the gut-brain axis. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the effects of gut microbiota on the neurophysiology and behavior of insects and propose that honeybees could serve as a novel animal model for further exploring the mechanisms of the gut-brain axis in human neurological diseases.