【目的】 油茶Camellia oleifera是我国重要木本食用油料植物之一，广泛分布在我国南方地区，油茶花期秋末冬初，传粉昆虫不足导致的异花授粉受限是制约油茶产量的瓶颈之一。花部特征对传粉昆虫的选择偏好及行为有一定的影响，本研究探究油茶花部结构差异对传粉昆虫访花行为的影响，以期为油茶新品种的选育提供参考依据。【方法】 于2022年10-11月在江西赣州市选择4个油茶基地，开展油茶花部结构差异对油茶传粉昆虫访花行为的影响研究，观察统计了168株研究样本的访花昆虫以及11个花特征，通过相关性分析、线性回归分析等统计学方法进行分析。【结果】 在野外观测期间，分别观测到大分舌蜂Colletes gigas 750次、油茶地蜂Andrena camellia 144次、胡蜂科Vespidae物种125次和食蚜蝇科Syrphinae物种2 359次访花行为，为该地区油茶主要访花昆虫；对油茶11个花部结构进行测量，油茶花具有花瓣5-9瓣，花朵展示面积为（30.09±9.37）cm²；雌蕊位于雄蕊群中心位置，子房上位长（4.03± 0.52）mm、柱头2-5裂，长（9.59±1.87）mm、花柱直径（1.02±0.19）mm，雄蕊群直径（17.47±3.65）mm，高（14.46± 2.09）mm，具有（99.85±17.53）根雄蕊；柱头略低于雄蕊（0.87±2.37）mm，横向距离为（1.33±1.33）mm。相关性分析、线性回归分析表明，传粉昆虫的访花次数与花面积、雄蕊群直径长、雄蕊数量具有极显著正相关性（P<0.01）；与柱头高度差具有显著正相关性（P<0.05）；与横向距离具有显著负相关性（P<0.05）。回归公式分别为：传粉昆虫的访花次数与花面积y=8.832 63+0.373 88x（P<0.01）、传粉昆虫的访花次数与雄蕊群直径长y=1.338 68+1.075 91x（P<0.01）、传粉昆虫的访花次数与雄蕊数量y=1.311 08+0.189 3x（P<0.01）、传粉昆虫的访花次数与柱头高度差y=7.329 16+0.825 38x（P<0.05）、传粉昆虫的访花次数与横向距离y=9.667 94-1.217 09x（P<0.05）。【结论】 油茶传粉昆虫偏爱到访油茶单花面积大、雄蕊群面积大、雄蕊数量多且相对比较聚集的花朵，本研究结果从油茶花部结构视角为油茶新品种的选育提供了科学依据。

[Aim]  To investigate the impact of differences in floral structure on the behavior of pollinators of Camellia oleifera, an important woody, edible, oil plant in China, in order to develop improved varieties of this plant. [Methods]  From October to November 2022, four C. oleifera plantations in Ganzhou, Jiangxi, were selected to study the impact of differences in floral structure on pollinator behavior. Observations and statistical analyses were conducted on 168 samples of flower-visiting insects and 11 floral traits. Correlation and linear regression analyses were used to analyze the data. [Results]  Primary flower-visiting included 750 visits by Colletes gigas, 144 by Andrena camellia, 125 by Vespidae species, and 2 359 by Syrphinae species. Eleven C. oleifera flowers were measured. These had 5 to 9 petals with a display area of (30.09±9.37) cm². The pistil was centrally located among the stamens, with a superior ovary measuring (4.03±0.52) mm, a stigma with 2 to 5 lobes, a stigma length of (9.59±1.87) mm, and a stigma style diameter of (1.02±0.19) mm. The outer diameter of the stamen cluster was (17.47±3.65) mm, with a height of about (14.46±2.09) mm and approximately (99.85±17.53) stamens. The stigma was (0.87±2.37) mm lower than the stamens, with a lateral distance of (1.33±1.33) mm. Correlation and linear regression reveal a highly significant, positive correlation between the number of pollinator visits and floral area, stamen cluster diameter and stamen quantity (P<0.01), a significant positive correlation with stigma height difference (P<0.05), and a significant negative correlation with lateral distance (P<0.05). The regression equations were as follows: Floral area: y=8.832 63+0.373 88x (P=0.001<0.01)；Stamen diameter: y=1.338 68+1.07 5 91x (P=0.001<0.01)；Stamen number: y=1.31 108+0.1 893x (P=0.005<0.01)；Height differential between stigma and the stamens: y=7.329 16+0.825 38x (P=0.486<0.05)；Lateral distance between stigma and the stamens: y=9.667 94-1.217 09x (P=0.285<0.05). [Conclusion]  Pollinators of C. oleifera prefer flowers with a larger floral area, larger stamen clusters, more stamens, and relatively concentrated structures. These results offer insights for breeding C. oleifera varieties that are more attractive to pollinators.