【目的】 实现外来蚂蚁（通过人为传播由口岸进境）的快速精准检测。【方法】 通过一代测序技术获得来自3个亚科、16个属、18个种的外来蚂蚁线粒体COⅠ序列，并以意大利蜂Apis mellifera的2条同源序列作为外群。通过构建最大似然法（Maximum likelihood methods，ML）系统发育树、ABGD（Automatic barcode gap discovery）分析和遗传距离分析，对序列处理后同形态学鉴定结果比较。【结果】 ML系统发育树显示，18种蚂蚁分布在三大分支上，在种级水平，同一种不同个体的蚂蚁聚为一支，可明显区分。在属级水平上，臭蚁属Dolichoderus，捷蚁属Anoplolepis和弓背蚁属Camponotus等16个属可以很好的区分开。ABGD分析表明，18种蚂蚁可明显区分，与形态学鉴定分类结果一致。遗传距离分析表明，18种蚂蚁基于COⅠ基因的种间遗传距离高于种内遗传距离， 线粒体COⅠ基因满足对物种鉴定的要求。【结论】 在形态学鉴定的基础上，结合线粒体COⅠ基因的DNA条形码技术可以实现18种外来蚂蚁物种的准确鉴定。

[Aim]  To increase the speed and accuracy of detection of exotic ants at ports of entry. [Methods]  Mitochondrial COⅠsequences of exotic ants from 3 subfamilies, 16 genera and 18 species were obtained using a first-generation sequencing technique. Two homologous Apis cerana sequences served as outgroups. Sequence variation between species was compared to morphological differences using an ML phylogenetic tree, ABGD analysis, and genetic distance analysis. [Results]  A ML phylogenetic tree classified 18 species of ants on three branches. At the species level, individual ants of the same species were grouped into a single, clearly distinguishable, clade. At the generic level, 16 genera, such as Dolichoderus, Anoplolepis and Camponotus, could also be clearly distinguished. ABGD analysis also clearly distinguished 18 species. The results obtained using molecular methods were consistent with those obtained using morphological classification. Genetic distance analysis indicates that interspecific genetic distances exceeded the intraspecific genetic distances for all 18 species. [Conclusion]  DNA barcoding technology using mitochondrial COⅠgene variation correctly identified 18 exotic ant species described on the basis of morphological differences.