The Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, is the primary insect pest of corn in China. The damage to corn crops caused by this species has continued to intensify in recent years due to changes in farming practices and global warming, and poses a serious threat to corn production. Since the beginning of the 21st century, significant progress has been made in research on the Asian corn borer in China. With respect to the sex pheromones of this species, their synthesis pathway, regulatory mechanisms, and perception mechanisms have been elucidated. Its diapause regulation mechanisms have also been revealed, and its innate immune system, including pattern recognition receptors, key signaling pathways, and effector molecules, have been systematically analyzed, providing a molecular basis for the development of targeted biopesticides. The mechanisms used by corn to defend against the Asian corn borer have also been clarified, and the mechanisms underlying its resistance to Bt insecticidal proteins have been uncovered. An integrated pest management system has been established, based on agricultural control and the synergy between various environmentally-friendly techniques. This paper systematically summarizes the latest advances in research on the Asian corn borer in China, providing a solid theoretical foundation for the environmentally-friendly and sustainable management of corn crops.