昆虫主要依赖先天免疫来应对病原体的感染，而模式识别受体（Pattern recognition receptors，PRRs）对病原体的识别是激活免疫反应的基础。凝集素（Lectin）家族广泛存在于动物和植物中，通过糖识别结构域结合特定的糖类、糖蛋白或糖脂，在昆虫免疫中充当重要的模式识别受体。昆虫的凝集素主要包括C-型凝集素（C-type lectin）和半乳糖凝集素（Galectin），在先天免疫系统中承担着多种功能。本文概述了昆虫凝集素的分类、结构及其进化特征，重点总结了C-型凝集素和半乳糖凝集素在昆虫先天免疫系统中的功能，也简要介绍了凝集素在发育中的功能。本文为后续研究昆虫与微生物的免疫互作，以及靶向免疫系统改良微生物源农药提供参考。

Insects primarily rely on innate immunity to defend against pathogens, and the recognition of pathogens by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to trigger immune responses. Lectins are widely present in animals and plants, and they bind to specific carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids through their carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs), thereby serving as crucial PRRs in insect immunity. Insect lectins mainly include C-type lectins and galectins which play multiple functions in the innate immune system. This review outlines the classification, structure, and evolutionary characteristics of insect lectins, with a focus on the functions of C-type lectins and galectins in the insect innate immune system, and briefly introduces the functions of insect lectins on growth. It is hoped that this review will inspire studies of host-pathogen interactions, and contribute to the improvement of microbial biopesticides targeting the immune system.