番茄斑萎病毒（Tomato spotted wilt virus, TSWV）属于布尼亚病毒目Bunyavirales番茄斑萎病毒科Tospoviridae正番茄斑萎病毒属Orthotospoviruses，是一种主要通过蓟马以持久性循环增殖方式传播的植物病毒，其传播过程具有高度特异性。病毒粒子经由蓟马若虫的中肠侵入，并在其中完成初始复制；当病毒载量达到阈值后，进一步扩散至肌肉细胞及唾液腺进行增殖，最终随唾液注入植物宿主。该传播过程涉及病毒、媒介与寄主三者之间的复杂互作关系：TSWV在蓟马体内可激活媒介昆虫的免疫防御反应，但病毒通过免疫逃逸机制与劫持蓟马的生理过程实现持续存活；同时，病毒通过改变寄主营养状态以及抑制植物防御反应等多重协同策略，显著提高其传播效率。本综述聚焦于蓟马-TSWV-植物系统的协同进化机制，分析病毒规避媒介免疫应答及重塑寄主微环境的分子策略，旨在加深对TSWV-蓟马-植物互作网络的理解，为植物病毒病的科学防控提供依据与参考。

The tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), the one plant virus transmitted by thrips via a persistent propagative mode, has a highly specialized transmission process. Viral particles enter the midgut of thrip nymphs where they complete primary replication. Upon reaching a threshold titer, the virus spreads to the muscle cells and salivary glands for further amplification, ultimately being injected into host plants through saliva. This process involves complex tripartite interactions among virus, vector and host. Viral replication in the thrips activates host immune defenses, yet the TSWV is able to evade, and even exploit, these immune responses. Moreover, the virus enhances its transmission efficiency through three synergistic strategies; manipulating vector physiology, regulating host nutrition, and suppressing plant defenses. This review focuses on the co-evolutionary mechanisms underlying the thrip-TSWV-plant system, elucidating molecular strategies by which the TSWV evades vector immunity and reshapes the host microenvironment. These insights deepen our understanding of the TSWV-thrips-plant interaction network and provide a theoretical foundation for the control of viral plant diseases.