【目的】 利用形态标记解析吕梁山区6个地理种群中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana的遗传多样性，筛选优良性状种群，为吕梁山区的中华蜜蜂遗传资源保护与定向选育提供科学依据。【方法】 基于Ruttner形态鉴定法及《NY/T2364-2013》标准，测定37项形态指标（540只工蜂），通过单因素方差分析、主坐标分析、飞行能力相关指标分析、采集力相关指标分析、体型大小相关指标分析、泌蜡能力相关指标分析及聚类分析，综合分析目前中华蜜蜂种群分化及遗传多样性。【结果】 吕梁山区6个样点中华蜜蜂的37个形态指标中有20个形态指标存在显著差异（P<0.05），其中米脂县种群表现出最优的飞行能力和较强的泌蜡能力，子洲县种群则具有较长的吻部，吴堡县种群在多数指标上表现较弱。吕梁山区6个样点间吴堡县中华蜜蜂采集力相关指标测定值均低，采集力最差。米脂县、子洲县、清涧县3个样点的中华蜜蜂体型较大，吴堡县最小。米脂县、清涧县、石楼县工蜂的泌蜡腺发育情况良好，泌蜡能力更强，吴堡县最弱。19个经济性能相关指标在不同样点间形态发生了一定的改变，但离散程度较低，没有显著区分。基于形态学指标的聚类结果与采样点地理分布基本一致。【结论】 吕梁山区6个样点的中华蜜蜂种群在形态特征上存在显著分化，且与经济性能相关的性状呈现明显的地域性差异。米脂县种群表现出最优的飞行能力，子洲县种群则具有较长的吻部，米脂县、子洲县和清涧县的个体体型较大，而米脂县、清涧县和石楼县的工蜂泌蜡能力较优，吴堡县种群在飞行能力、采集力和体型大小等指标上均表现较弱。

 [Aim]  To analyze the genetic diversity of six geographic populations of Apis cerana cerana in the Lüliang Mountain Area using morphological markers, in order to identify populations with superior traits, and thereby provide a basis for the conservation of valuable genetic resources and the selective breeding of this species in this region. [Methods]  Based on Ruttner’s morphometric methods and the NY/T 2364-2013 standard, 37 morphological traits were measured in 540 worker bees. Data, including flight capacity-related indices, foraging ability-related indices, body size-related indices and wax secretion ability-related indices, were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, principal coordinate analysis, and cluster analysis, to comprehensively evaluate population differentiation and genetic diversity. [Results]  The results indicate that 20 of the 37 morphological traits analyzed significantly differed (P<0.05) among the six sampling sites in the Lüliang Mountain Area. The Mizhi County population had the best flight performance and strong wax secretion ability, whereas the Zizhou County population had the longest proboscis. The Wubu County population performed poorly in most traits. Among the six sampling sites, the foraging-related metrics of the Wubu County population were consistently the lowest, indicating the weakest foraging capacity. Bees from the Mizhi, Zizhou, and Qingjian Counties were larger in body size, whereas those from Wubu County were the smallest. Worker bees from Mizhi, Qingjian, and Shilou Counties displayed well-developed wax glands and stronger wax secretion ability, whereas those from Wubu County were the weakest in these respects. Among the 19 economic performance-related traits analyzed, some morphological variations were observed across sites, but the degree of variation was not statistically significant. Clustering results based on morphological traits were largely consistent with the geographical distribution of the sampling sites. [Conclusion]  The results of this study indicate significant morphological differentiation among geographically distinct populations of A. c. cerana in the Lüliang Mountain Area, along with marked regional variation in economically important traits. The Mizhi County population has the best flight performance, whereas the Zizhou County population has the longest proboscis. Worker bees from the Mizhi, Zizhou, and Qingjian Counties have larger body sizes, and those from Mizhi, Qingjian, and Shilou Counties have superior wax secretion capacity. In contrast, the Wubu County population had the weakest flight and foraging ability, and the smallest body size. These differences may reflect geographical isolation, ecological adaptation, and localized selection pressures.