日本弓背蚁不同发育阶段形态特征及幼虫体毛研究
Morphological characteristics of the different developmental stages and larval body hair of Camponotus japonicus
杨 绿** 张亮亮 马若清 贺 虹***
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DOI：10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2026.009
作者单位：西北农林科技大学林学院，西部森林灾害治理国家林业和草原局重点实验室，杨凌 712100
中文关键词：生长发育历期；形态特征；幼虫；龄期；体毛
英文关键词：growth and development period; morphological characteristics; larvae; instar; body hair
中文摘要：【目的】 明确日本弓背蚁Camponotus japonicus不同发育阶段的形态特征及生长发育历期，重点对幼虫龄期进行划分，并分析不同龄期幼虫体毛的类型，以期为蚂蚁行为生态学研究提供更多信息。【方法】 在光学显微镜下观察卵、幼虫、蛹以及成虫（第一批工蚁）的形态特征；根据幼虫头壳宽频数分布直方图，估计幼虫龄期，利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜分析不同龄期幼虫体毛的类型及分布规律。【结果】 （1）平均每头新蚁后日产卵量约为（2±1）粒，卵期为（13±1）d，幼虫期约（9±2）d，蛹期约（15±1）d，新生工蚁体表颜色较浅、体壁较软，随着日龄增加，体表颜色加深、体壁变硬。（2）根据头壳宽度可将幼虫划分为3个龄期：1龄幼虫头壳宽约（0.488±0.003）mm，2龄幼虫头壳宽约（0.625±0.003）mm，3龄幼虫头壳宽约（0.737±0.004）mm。（3）不同龄期幼虫体毛变化较大：1龄幼虫体表具较多卷曲钩状长毛，2龄幼虫体表卷曲钩状长毛较少，而3龄幼虫体毛较为整齐，无卷曲钩状长毛。（4）幼虫体毛类型可分为无分叉、2分叉、3分叉、4分叉、5分叉和6分叉六个大类及其多个亚类，随着幼虫龄期增加，分叉状体毛增加。【结论】 日本弓背蚁幼虫具密集的体毛，不同龄期的体毛类型变化较大，其中低龄幼虫具较多卷曲钩状长毛，能使幼虫聚集在一起，便于工蚁搬运。幼虫头壳宽能够准确划分蚂蚁幼虫龄期，而体毛类型或许能成为估计幼虫龄期的另一项指标。
英文摘要： [Aim] To
describe the morphological characteristics and developmental periods of
different developmental stages of Camponotus
japonicus (eggs, larvae, pupae and the first-generation workers), focusing
on the division of larval instars, and analyze the types of larval body hair of
different instars. [Methods] The
morphological characteristics of eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults
(first-generation workers) were observed under a light microscope. Larval
instars were classified according to head capsule width, and the types of
larval body hair of different instars were observed using both light microscopy
and scanning electron microscopy. [Results] (1) Daily egg production of new queens was
about (2±1) eggs, the egg stage was (13±1) d, the larval stage was (9±2) d, and
the pupal stage was (15±1) d. The bodies of newly emerged workers were pale and
soft, but darkened and hardened in subsequent days. (2) Larvae can be divided
into three instars according to head capsule width. The head capsule widths of
the 1st, 2nd and 3rd, instars were (0.488±0.003), (0.625±0.003), and (0.737±0.004)
mm, respectively. (3) The body hair of larvae varies greatly among instars.
First instar larvae have more curly, hooked, long hairs than 2nd instar larvae.
Third instar larvae have uniform body hair but no curly, hooked, long hair. (4)
The body hair types of larvae can be divided into 6 major categories and
several subtypes, including simple, bifid, 3-branched, 4-branched, 5-branched
and 6-branched. The number of forked hairs increases with larval instar. [Conclusion] Larvae of C.
japonicus have dense body hair, the types of which vary greatly among
instars. Younger larvae have curlier, hook-like, long hairs, which enables them
to clump together and facilitates their transportation by workers. Larval
instars can be distinguished on the basis of head capsule width, but body hair
type may provide another means of identifying the larval instars of this
species.