蜜蜂寿命可塑性与衰老调控机制研究进展
Progress in research on lifespan plasticity and aging regulation in honeybees
詹洪平1, 2, 3** 韦小平2, 4 江慧枝1, 3 曾志将1, 3***
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DOI：10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2026.074
作者单位：1. 江西农业大学蜜蜂研究所，南昌 330045；2. 贵州省农业科学院，贵阳 550006；3. 蜜蜂生物学与饲养江西省重点实验室，南昌 330045；4. 资源昆虫高效养殖与利用全国重点实验室，重庆 400715
中文关键词：蜜蜂；端粒；表观遗传调控；胰岛素信号通路；肠道微生物
英文关键词：honeybee; telomere; epigenetic regulation; insulin signaling pathway; gut microbiota
中文摘要：蜜蜂作为典型的社会性昆虫，其同源基因组的蜂王和工蜂表现出显著寿命差异，为研究寿命可塑性及衰老调控机制提供了独特模型。本文系统综述了端粒长度与端粒酶活性、表观遗传调控机制、胰岛素信号通路、能量代谢和氧化应激、肠道微生物、环境压力等在蜜蜂寿命可塑性及衰老调控中的最新研究进展。与工蜂相比，蜂王的端粒酶活性、卵黄蛋白原水平更高，H3K27ac修饰更多，线粒体功能更稳定，保幼激素水平、甲基化水平、胰岛素信号通路活性更低，同时其特有的肠道菌群通过抑制胰岛素信号通路，激活抗氧化防御机制，使蜂王寿命得到显著延长。未来可应用最新测序技术挖掘蜜蜂寿命可塑性与衰老新型调控节点和生物标志物，探讨环境压力与内在衰老机制的交互作用，为深入理解衰老的生物学本质提供新的理论视角。
英文摘要：As in other social insects, there are significant differences in the lifespans of honeybee queens and workers, which provide a unique model for studying lifespan plasticity and aging regulation mechanisms in insects. This paper systematically reviews recent advances in research on the lifespan plasticity and age regulation of honeybees, focusing on telomere length, telomerase activity, epigenetic mechanisms, insulin signaling pathways, energy metabolism and oxidative stress, gut microbiota, and environmental stressors. Compared to workers, queen bees have higher telomerase activity and vitellogenin levels, increased H3K27ac modifications, and more stable mitochondrial function. They also have lower levels of juvenile hormone, methylation, and insulin signal pathway activity. In addition, the unique gut microbiota of queen honeybees significantly extends their lifespan by suppressing the IIS pathway and activating antioxidant defense mechanisms. The latest sequencing technology can allow the investigation of new regulatory nodes and biomarkers of honeybee lifespan plasticity and aging, the interaction between environmental stress and intrinsic aging mechanisms, and provide a new theoretical perspective for a deeper understanding of the biology of aging.