复合菌剂对果树枝条发酵及白星花金龟幼虫转化效率的影响
Effects of compound microbial inoculants on the fermentation of fruit tree branches and the conversion efficiency of Protaetia brevitarsis larvae
代黎明1** 张广杰2, 3 陈爱松1 代凡蜃1 努尔姑丽·努尔麦麦提1 刘玉升4*** 马德英1***
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DOI：10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2026.086
作者单位：1. 新疆农业大学农学院，农林有害生物监测与安全防控重点实验室，乌鲁木齐 830052；2. 吉林农业大学，食药用菌教育部工程研究中心，长春 130118；3. 玛纳斯县金昆虫生物科技有限公司，昌吉 832205；4. 新疆梦鲤农业科技开发有限公司，策勒 848300
中文关键词：白星花金龟；复合菌剂；幼虫转化；发酵天数；协同效应
英文关键词：Protaetia brevitarsis; compound microbial inoculant; larval conversion; fermentation duration; synergistic effect
中文摘要：【目的】 为解决林果废弃物资源化利用效率低的问题，探究不同复合菌剂处理下物料发酵及其对白星花金龟Protaetia brevitarsis幼虫的饲喂效果，明确最优菌剂配比与适宜发酵周期。【方法】 构建单菌、双菌、三菌组合，利用白星花金龟幼虫分别取食不同发酵时间（10、15、20、25 d）的物料，以虫体增重、取食量、转化率等为指标，筛选混合枝条-牛粪物料的最优菌剂组合与发酵时间。【结果】 幼虫取食4个发酵时间点的物料后，15 d和20 d发酵物料的饲喂效果均较优且差异不显著（P≥0.05），综合比较20 d效果略优于15 d。20 d发酵物料中，三菌组合：JD秸秆型降解菌剂（山东君德生物科技有限公司）+YM秸秆型降解菌剂（河南省亿苗生物科技有限公司）+EM秸秆型降解菌剂（郑州农富康生物科技有限公司），在所有菌剂组合中效果最优，其发酵温度、幼虫生长发育相关指标均达到最高：升温期最高温达68.9 ℃，高温期达75.7 ℃（>70 ℃持续3 d以上），显著高于单菌组合（65.7-69.1 ℃）及双菌组合（67.3-70.4 ℃），且各处理升温效果均优于无菌对照（58.8 ℃）。幼虫取食量表现为三菌组合（149.40 g）>双菌组合（139.10-144.20 g）>单菌组合（129.00-133.70 g）>无菌对照（129.50 g）；虫体增重表现为三菌组合（14.70 g）>双菌组合（10.10-13.30 g）>单菌组合（6.20-10.00 g）>无菌对照（6.40 g）。最优三菌组合的虫体转化率达80.06%，饲料利用率达74.70%，虫砂转化率达97.26%（P< 0.05）。综上，与单菌、双菌组合相比，三菌组合可显著提升发酵温度、缩短发酵周期，促进幼虫生长发育。【结论】 本研究明确了一套高效完整的饲料制备方案：三菌组合（JD+YM+EM）为最优菌剂组合，综合生产效率与成本，确定15-20 d为该体系下效果与效率兼顾的最佳发酵周期。该方案可显著促进白星花金龟幼虫生长发育，为农业废弃物资源化利用及昆虫蛋白生产提供技术依据。
英文摘要：[Aim] To investigate the effects of different microbial inoculants on the fermentation of plant materials and on the breakdown of plant waste by Protaetia brevitarsis larvae, thereby improving the utilization of forest fruit waste [Methods] Single-, dual-, and triple-strain combinations were formulated. P. brevitarsis larvae were fed with plant material fermented for different durations (10, 15, 20 and 25 d). Using larval weight gain, feed intake, conversion rate, and other parameters as indicators, the optimal inoculant combination and fermentation time for a mixed fruit tree branch-cattle manure substrate were identified. [Results] Plant material that had been fermented for either 15 or 20 days was the most easily broken down by larvae. Although there was no significant difference between these fermentation durations, a comprehensive comparison indicated that the 20-day fermentation treatment was slightly better than the 15-day one. Among the 20-day fermented materials, the triple-strain combination (JD+YM+EM) outperformed all other inoculant treatments, achieving the highest fermentation temperatures and the best larval growth and development indicators. During the heating phase, the maximum temperature reached 68.9 °C, whereas during the thermophilic phase it peaked at 75.7 °C (remaining above 70 °C for more than three days), which was significantly higher than that of the single-strain (65.7-69.1 °C) and dual-strain combinations (67.3-70.4 °C). All inoculated treatments had better heating performance than the sterile control (58.8 °C). Larval feed intake ranked as follows: triple-strain combination (149.40 g) > dual-strain combinations (139.10-144.20 g) > single-strain combinations (129.00-133.70 g) > sterile control (129.50 g). Larval weight gain followed a similar order: triple-strain combination (14.70 g) > dual-strain combinations (10.10-13.30 g) > single-strain combinations (6.20-10.00 g) > sterile control (6.40 g). The optimal triple-strain combination achieved a larval biomass conversion rate of 80.06%, a feed utilization rate of 74.70% and a frass conversion rate of 97.26%. In conclusion, compared with single- and dual-strain combinations, the triple-strain combination had a significantly higher fermentation temperature, shorter fermentation period, and faster larval growth and development. [Conclusion] The triple-strain combination (JD+YM+EM) is the optimal inoculant formulation. Considering both production efficiency and cost, a fermentation period of 15-20 days is the optimal duration that balances effectiveness and efficiency under this system. This protocol markedly enhances the growth and development of P. brevitarsis larvae, and thereby provides a scientific basis for both the utilization of agricultural waste and insect protein production.